1. Definition Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere comes from the word hydro meaning water and spheira means that the layers. Thus, the hydrosphere is a whole layer of water contained in the earth, whether it is liquid, solid, or gaseous (vapor). The study of the waters called hydrology. And hydrology itself has several branches of science, namely:
a. Hydrometeorology, namely the study of meteorological factors that affect the hydrological conditions.
b. Oceanography, the study of the sea or ocean.
c. Glaciology, namely the study of frozen water (ice) or anything that has to do with ice.
d. Geohydrology, namely the study of the existence, distribution and movement of water underground.
e. Limnology, namely the study of lake water.
f. Potamologi, namely the study of water on the surface of the earth.
2. Hydrological Cycle
a. short cycle
Which gets the sun shines, the sea, the water will evaporate into the air. The existing water vapor in the air will be condensed and form clouds. If the cloud more and more, then the air will be saturated with water vapor and there was rain, which eventually empties water / back to the sea.
b. cycle was
Sea water will evaporate condensed to form clouds. Because of the wind, the clouds were blown to the land and on the mainland of the saturated clouds and rain fell on the mainland. On land, the water will flow into the river. And through the river water will flow back to the sea.
c. cycle length
Sea water will evaporate condensed to form clouds. Clouds in the wind and carried to the high mountains and form ice crystals, which eventually fell as snow on the mountains. Snow in the mountains will eventually form the glaciers melt and flow into the river, which is ultimately passed on to the sea.
Hydrological cycle occurs because the processes that follow the symptoms of meteorological and climatological, as follows:
a. Evaporation, which is the process of changing water into water vapor (gas).
b. Transpiration, the process of changing the water used by the plant into water vapor through the stomata.
c. Condensation, which is the process of changing water vapor into water droplets (liquid).
d. Advection, the horizontal air movement that brings clouds (water points) from one place to another.
e. Precipitation (rain), the drop in water droplets from the air (clouds) to the earth's surface, can be tangible water, ice or snow.
f. Infiltration, ie the process of entry of water into the soil layer through the pores of the soil and rocks.
e. Run off, the water flow through a conduit.
f. Overland flow, which flow on the surface of the soil.
3. Types of Water
Rain water to the surface of the earth, naturally some will seep into the ground that will be ground water and the other will flow over the surface of the earth into surface water.
a. Surface water
1. River
The river is a stream of water that naturally flows from a high area to a lower area and extends towards the sea. The study of the river called the potamologi.
a. Various rivers
1. In view of the source of water, the river is divided into:
- River of rain, the river is a source of water comes from rain water.
- Glacier River, the river that is the source of water comes from melting ice.
- River springs, namely sungan the source water comes from springs.
- A mixture River, the river that is the source of water comes from the second or third source of water on top.
2. In terms of volume of water, the river is divided into:
- Ephimeral River, the river that flows due to the rain.
- Intermittent river, the river where the water flows only during the rainy season only.
- Pherenial River, a river that flows throughout the year. Pherenial river can be divided into two, namely the permanent rivers (river water flow is relatively constant throughout the year) and periodic streams (river water volume is highly dependent on the season).
3. Judging from the direction of flow, the river is divided into:
- Consequent River, the river that flows toward the direction of the slope.
- Subsequently River, which is tributary that flows perpendicular consistent with consequent river.
- Resekuen River, which is tributary subsequently the direction of flow direction of the river consequently.
- Obsekuen River, which is tributary subsequently the flow direction opposite to the consequent river.
- Insekuen River, the river that direction of flow is irregular.
4. Judging from the flow pattern, the river is divided into:
- Trelis River, the river that flow patterns such as fin fish, usually found in the crease area.
- River rectangular, the river flow patterns perpendicular to each other, there is usually a fault line.
- Pinnate River, which forms the flow of the river where a tributary estuaries acute angle formed by the parent streams.
- Radial centrifugal River, that river flow pattern that spreads or leaving the center.
- Radial Centripetal, ie river flow patterns converge, usually located in the basin.
- River dendritic, ie the flow pattern of the river where tributaries flow into the parent irregularly.
- Parallel Rivers, which flow pattern of the river where the river is a river that is more nearly parallel.
b. Benefits of the river; Water supplies for domestic and industrial; Points cultivating freshwater fisheries; For the purposes of transport, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua; For irrigation or irrigation of agricultural land; For power generation; Place of extraction of building materials, sand, and stone; As a tourist attraction and water sports.
2. Lake
The lake is a basin (basin) in the area of land which has a broad enough cross-section and a sufficient depth so as to have a temperature strata, and contain large amounts of water.
a. Various lakes:
- Volcanic lake, the lake formed due to volcanic caldera that filled with rain water. Examples: Mount Kelud crater of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, and Lake Maninjau in West Sumatra.
- Tectonic lake, that lake that occurs due to tectonic activity. For example: Lake Batur and Lake Towuti.
- Lake vulkanotektonik, namely lakes occur as a blend of two of the above activity. For example: Lake Toba.
- Karst lake, the lake is caused by the dissolution of limestone in the area. Such lakes are often found in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta.
- Glacier Lake, the lake which are the result of erosion of ice.
- Artificial lake (dam), the lake is deliberately created by man or often called the reservoir.
b. Benefits of the lake; Lakes provide many benefits, including: Preventing floods; For irrigation; Inland fishery resources; As a means of sports (rowing, screen).
3. Swamp
Swamp that is part of the land is low and is always flooded because of water release system does not have a good exit. Rawa occurs because of natural processes, namely: The presence of sea erosion; An increase in sea water; The extension of the mainland due to sedimentation; The development of the delta. The characteristics of the swamp, among others: Basic peat bog there; Always shut the water plant; Water swamp much acid; Water color brown to blackish.
4. Sea
Sea water is very broad set of earth that separates or connects an island to island or continent or other continents. Marine waters does not only consist of the sea itself but also consists of oceans, bays and straits. Studies devoted to learning about the sea called oceanography.
a. Various sea
1. In terms of location, the sea can be divided into:
- The edge of the Sea, which is located at the edge of the sea continents. Example: Sea of Japan, South China Sea.
- The middle of the Sea, that ocean that lies between the continents. Example: Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea.
- Sea inland (continental sea), the sea is situated in the middle of continental or landlocked. Example: The Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Baltic Sea.
2. In terms of depth, the ocean is divided into:
- Lithoral Zone, an area of sea that lies between the water line and water line receding tide, the depth of 0 meters.
- Neritis Zone, an area of sea that has a depth of 0-200 meters.
- Bathial Zone, an area of sea that has a depth of 200 m - 1,000 m.
- Abyssal zone, an area of sea that has a depth of 1000-2000 m.
3. In view of the occurrence, the ocean is divided into:
- Sea transgression, the sea that occurs because of the flood the lowlands by the sea water. Marine transgression occurred at the end of the ice age. For example: the Java Sea, Arafuru Sea, South China Sea.
- Ingresi Sea, a sea that occurs as a result of decreased seafloor. Examples: Banda Sea, Flores Sea, Sulawesi Sea, the Maluku Sea.
- Regression Sea, a sea that is narrowed due to a decrease in sea water because the land raptured.
b. The boundaries of Indonesia's seas
Based on the international marine law agreed by the UN in 1980, the waters of Indonesia consists of three limits, namely:
1. Limits of the Continental Shelf; the seabed boundary edge with water depths up to 200 m.
2. Limit the Territorial Sea; The sea is 12 nautical miles in width measured parallel to the baseline or base. Base line is a line formed at low tide on the outer islands in Indonesia.
3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); Sea boundary is measured from the base line as far as 200 miles to the open sea. Within the EEZ, Indonesia has the right and authority to exploit its natural resources, whether on the seabed or in the sea.
c. Benefits Sea; Seafood has many benefits, among others: As a source of marine fisheries; Means of transport; Mineral resources, and mining. As a source of energy or power stations (ocean currents); As a tourist attraction.
b. Groundwater
Groundwater, the water stored below ground level. Sources of ground water comes from rain water infiltration (infiltration). Rock layers that can be passed easily by the so-called ground water permeable layer. Instead of rock layers that are difficult or impassable by the so-called ground water and the water-resistant coating called impermeable layer. The level of infiltration is influenced by: Rainfall; Slope; Soil moisture; The density of vegetation.
- Based on the depth of the groundwater can be divided into:
1. Groundwater freatis (ground water), groundwater is located above a layer of impermeable soil and shallow (impermeable). Example: water wells and springs.
2. artesian ground water (ground water), which is located on the ground water layer equifer deep and contains a lot of water, it is located between two layers of impermeable rock (rock that can not be penetrated water). Example: artesian wells.
- Benefits of groundwater for human life are as follows:
a. Household needs (bathing, washing, cooking and drinking water).
b. Irrigation, which is the source of water for agriculture, for example, wells drilled in the area Indramayu, West Java.
c. Industry, which is used as a source of industrial water, for example, be used for dyeing textile industry, leather industry to cleanse the skin, and others.